Posted on behalf of Nurse Flowers:
“I’ve never really connected with Captain America. At best, he seemed something like Superman, a great iconic figure, but as a dramatic character, a bust. Like Superman, he seemed too constrained by his own myth, his own self-proclaimed identification with eternal, unchanging American virtues and values (and thus, an insistent and unchanging American self-regard) to be able to undergo the sort of dynamic transformations required of compelling drama. And in this election season, when the nature of America and the qualities that must be exhibited by “true Americans” are the issues at hand (combined with my first encounter with David Halberstam’s history of Vietnam, The Best and the Brightest), I found myself deliberating the significance of Captain America, and arriving at this conclusion: for all that Captain America is as mummified and irrelevant as our current political discourse, with all its discussion of “who loves America more,” Captain America is not dead. Rather, the true Captain America, in terms of being the embodiment of the national character, and its hopes and fears, is Garth Ennis’s Punisher.
It wasn’t always thus. The original Captain America, rolled out during the lead up to World War II, embodied the spirit of a can-do America, a country that was just beginning to awaken to the possibilities inherent in its extravagant labor force, wealth of natural resources, secure frontiers, and technological innovation. Just as the country was transformed from a quiet, unsophisticated, militarily weak society whose national identity had not yet been crystallized by the external pressures of war (both World War II and the Cold War against “global communism”) into that of a robust, nuclear-tipped superpower, so Steve Rogers was transformed from a spindly specimen rejected by the draft into a super soldier. Even so, the original Captain America, like the nation he served, was a somewhat reluctant warrior. Despite FDR’s efforts to nudge the nation into an alliance with the European allies against Germany, most of the country wanted nothing to do with it, and only with the attack on Pearl Harbor did America enter the war. So just as the country did not see itself as the aggressor, but was merely fighting to defend itself, so Captain America was initially armed only with a shield, a purely defensive tool. It’s interesting to note that as the country’s idea of itself evolved, from reluctant ally to global defender of freedom, willing to use its considerable power not only to defend, but to attack in order to forestall the need for defense, Cap’s shield evolved as well, first adopting a circular shape that allowed it to be used for offense as well as defense. And of course, in the latest version of Captain America, we find that the captain outfitted with a firearm as well as the traditional shield; just as with his country, the shift from to a primarily defensive to a primarily offensive identity, is complete.
However, while Captain America’s equipment has managed to reflect the nation’s true, increasingly aggressive character, the man himself and all he embodies is still, for all practical purposes, entombed in the ice. One can only speculate as to why the 1940s-era hero was thawed out in 1964, directly following Kennedy’s assassination and as the Vietnam War was beginning to gain momentum, but the timing at the very least encourages one to make a connection between the reintroduction of a hero from a simpler time, one who resolutely insists that the true America is one of liberty and justice for all, and the America then experienced by its citizens, a country preoccupied by Cold War paranoia, assassination, racism, and a policy of foreign military intervention against communism. Poor Captain America was plucked from his well-deserved rest, a reanimated artifact of a more noble America, a puppet superhero meant to reassure us that we were still who we said we were, still the America of Jefferson and Lincoln, when in fact, Steve Rogers’s very existence, the stilted, quaint tenor of his adventures and concerns, particularly against the backdrop of Vietnam and Watergate, only served to emphasize how remote his America truly was. And though some writers tried to capitalize on this tension in their storytelling, they were rarely successful, constrained as they were by the need to always resolve this tension in favor of Rogers’s fundamental faith in his country, a faith that became increasingly delusional and untenable the further we got from the high water mark of 1945.
Consider as well the circumstances of Captain America’s renaissance: for example, who was it that found and revived him? None other than Tony Stark, superhero and (more importantly) millionaire arms manufacturer, a living embodiment of the military-industrial complex. So of course, as war profiteers have done since the Civil War, Stark not only found a flag within which to wrap himself, he found the best of all possible flags, the human essence of America, the symbol not only of America but of her military rebirth. And in his lifestyle and adventures, Captain America continue to symbolize America — perhaps not the real thing, the one torn apart by race riots, CIA assassinations, and proxy wars, but certainly a very agreeable illusion. In Steve Rogers’s America, the superhero lives in a mansion (not for him the rent-scrounging of Peter Parker) and fights vague, abstract, but always (we are assured) highly menacing villains obsessed with world domination. More often than not, these villains come in the form of organizations, such as Hydra or AIM, much like the vague shadowy organized Communism that we were purportedly fighting in Vietnam, Latin America, China, and other places. Much like this so-called “global Communism” in which regional political differences were ignored in order to market the Communist threat as a coherent, organized, monolithic entity (as opposed to what it really was, a set of discrete political movements that had nothing to do with each other and were just as suspicious of each other as they were of us), the foes that Captain America faced generally presented global or national threats. Not for him the provincial villains, stuck in their cities, robbing their banks: Captain America’s adversaries generally presented a threat to our very existence, or at least to the country’s existence. Much like America itself, Cap’s job was to be out there making the whole world safe; he was a neocon before the term was coined, a global interventionist, jetting out with the rest of the Avengers while America itself fell apart, foreign policy taking precedence over domestic policy, the citizens of bankrupt 1980s New York resigned to watching Quinjets fly over Bryant Park, its junkies and prostitutes, wondering if one day Captain America will come save them too.”
To be continued…